![]() Ultimately, the honorific most commonly spelt Genghis derives from the autochthonous Mongolian ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ( Mongolian pronunciation: ), which can be transliterated in English as Činggis. There is no universally adopted system of transliterating original Mongolian names into English many different systems and standards continue to be in use today, resulting in modern spellings that often differ considerably from the original pronunciation. He is revered and honoured in present-day Mongolia as a symbol of national identity and a central figure of Mongolian culture.įor the meaning of the name Temüjin and the title Genghis, see the below sections Birth and early life and Kurultai of 1206 respectively. The Mongol army that he built was renowned for flexibility, discipline, and organisation, while his empire established itself upon meritocratic principles. The Mongol military campaigns begun by Genghis saw widespread destruction and millions of deaths across Asia and Eastern Europe. In 1227, Genghis died while besieging the rebellious Western Xia his third son and heir Ögedei succeeded him to the throne two years later. The invading Mongols toppled the Khwarazmian state and devastated the regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan, while another expedition penetrated as far as Georgia and Kievan Rus'. In 1218, Qara Khitai, a Central Asian khanate, was annexed by Mongol forces, allowing Genghis to lead an invasion of the neighbouring Khwarazmian Empire in the following year. Having vassalised the Western Xia state by 1211, he then invaded the Jin dynasty in northern China, forcing the Jin emperor Xuanzong to abandon the northern half of his realm in 1214. With the tribes fully united, Genghis set out on a campaign of conquest. He formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan" at a kurultai in 1206. The alliances with Jamukha and Toghrul failed completely in the early 13th century, but Temüjin was able to defeat both individuals and claim sole rulership over the Mongol tribes. Due to the erratic nature of the sources, this period of Temüjin's life is uncertain he may have spent this time as a servant of the Jin dynasty. Temüjin gradually built up a small following and allied with Jamukha and Toghrul, two other Mongol chieftains, in campaigns against other Mongol tribes. ![]() Yesugei died when Temüjin was eight, and his family was abandoned by their tribe in the Mongol steppe. Having spent the majority of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns that conquered large parts of China and Central Asia.īorn between 11 and given the name Temüjin, he was the oldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin clan, and his wife Hoelun of the Olkhonud clan. 1162 – 25 August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khagan of the Mongol Empire, which later became the largest contiguous land empire in history.
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